![]() The team builds one or more product components to specifications, debugs them, tests them, and integrates them to satisfy the system architecture, resulting in an output.The input for this stage is the design specifications provided by the previous step.This is where the actual development of the software/system takes place.This is done after the Logical Design and will include “how” the project will be done: the hardware, the platform on which it will be developed, the various databases, screens, and forms that will be used, etc. Physical design: This is concerned with the physical database design, the programs and processes, and the distributed systems.For example, for a train ticketing website, this Design will determine how the entire process will work: the screen on which the traveler inputs his details, how that data will flow into the database, and what type of database will store these details. It details the Design of forms and reports, the Design of the interface, and the database. Logical design: This includes the basic data and processes that will be included in the project.There are two types of design that come into play in a software project. Outputs that can be expected (ideally, this will sync with the requirements detailed in the earlier stage).Inputs required for the project to work successfully.The software architecture, including the different components and modules to be created.The software platform to be used, including local or cloud deployment.In IT projects, this consists of defining: In the design stage, all that has been visualized in the first stage is made into a blueprint. Also, we would note down what the school management requires (office room, staff room) and what the students need (better toilets, playgrounds). In our example of building a school, in this step, we list the number of classrooms, the material to be used for the building, the people required, and the existing infrastructure. List out the specifications in the Product Requirements Document, which forms the input for the next step.Consider the requirements of each stakeholder.Conduct case studies of a similar product.List out the details which include: the problem that the product should solve, the customer constraints, the level of performance, and the compatibility with already existing systems.Analyze which hardware and software components are required.Try to visualize the product with its minutest details clearly.Conduct detailed discussions with the customer.Requirements and analysis phaseįirst, we have to know exactly what we are designing. Let’s consider the example of building a school as an example to understand the waterfall project management model better. However, depending on the project, two stages may be combined. Below are the six phases commonly used in the Waterfall project management model. There are several variants of this model. Thayer later used “waterfall” in their 1976 paper, “Software Requirements: Are They a Problem?” The word came to stay. The pictorial representation of the model looked like a cascading waterfall. Winston W Royce presented this model in 1970 but did not use the term “Waterfall Project Management”. So the hardware industry model was applied to the software industry. These industries had well-defined work stages and developed a model that satisfied their need for tight cost control. ![]() So, the industry adopted the sequential workflow model used in the manufacturing and construction industries. In the early stages of the IT industry, there was no specific model for software development. Origin of Waterfall Project Management Model There is little scope for changes or errors, and the project plan must be diligently followed. The project plan should be foolproof because once a stage in the sequence is completed, developers can only revisit the same by starting the planning over again. Then, the stages of the workflow are implemented in sequence: The end product is first visualized in great detail.Ģ. ![]() The Waterfall project management model, so named because of the nature of the workflow process, is characterized by the following:ġ.
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